Comparative analysis between thin-film gauges and ALTP sensors in shock tunnel tests
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摘要: 激波风洞试验中的主要测试量是热流密度，且多采用薄膜热流计。针对薄膜热流计的热流测试结果缺乏直接验证手段以及由此带来的测热结果不确定度偏大等问题，结合高精度可溯源的热流传感器标定实验可保证原子层热电堆（ALTP）热流传感器测热结果的准确性和可靠性，且ALTP热流传感器响应时间短又线性度优良，在多个流场条件下的激波风洞试验中开展了不同测热原理的多支这两类热流传感器测热结果的交叉对比验证。对比试验显示出ALTP热流传感器和薄膜热流计在不同流场参数下的激波风洞试验中的测热结果相对稳定，中高热流下两者测试结果之间的相对差异在8%以内。结合对比标定溯源链以及激波风洞试验测热结果的讨论，展现了利用ALTP热流传感器在激波风洞试验中在线标定薄膜热流计的可行性。Abstract: In the shock tunnel tests, the main parameter to measure is the heat flux density, and the thin-film resistance gauges （TFRGs） are frequently used. As the uncertainty of the measured heat flux with TFRGs is relatively high resulting from the lack of direct validation method for TFRGs, the atomic layer thermopile （ALTP） heat-flux sensors are applied in shock tunnel tests for comparison with the TFRGs. ALTP sensors have a fast response time and a good linearity, and it can be used in a long duration to measure low heat flux density, which ensures that they can be easily calibrated with the high-accuracy light-based calibration device, so the transfer calibration method is established to on-line calibrate TFRGs in the shock tunnel tests. The experimental results confirm the stable measured heat flux with the ALTP sensors and the TFRGs in the different shock tunnel tests, and the difference between the two kinds of heat-flux sensors is less than 8%. Based on the discussion on the tracing chains of the transfer method for calibrating heat-flux sensors and the measured heat flux in tests, the comparison results show the potential that the ALTP heat-flux sensors can be used to on-line calibrate TFRGs in shock tunnel tests.
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图 1 薄膜热电阻热流传感器及其测热原理
Figure 1. The thin-film resistance gauge and its principle of measuring the transient heat flux
图 2 原子层热电堆热流传感器及其测热原理
Figure 2. The ALTP heat-flux sensors and its principle of measuring heat flux
图 3 热流传感器对比标定的量值传递链
Figure 3. The chains for the transfer method used to calibrate heat-flux sensors
图 4 ALTP热流传感器的静态标定；（I）对比标定ALTP热流传感器；（II）ALTP热流传感器的对比标定结果
Figure 4. The static calibration test of ALTP heat-flux sensor; （I） ALTP heat-flux sensor under test; （II） the static calibration results
图 5 ALTP热流传感器和薄膜热流计测量位置示意图
Figure 5. The measurement location of ALTP heat-flux sensor and thin-film resistance gauges
图 6 流场1攻角10°时ALTP热流传感器与薄膜热流计的热流信号
Figure 6. The output signals of ALTP heat-flux sensor and thin-film resistance gauge in the flow condition 1 with AOA 10 degree
图 7 标定时的原始输出；（I）ALTP热流传感器；（II）薄膜热流计
Figure 7. The original output signals in the calibration tests; （I） ALTP heat-flux sensor; （II） a thin-film resistance gauge
表 1 激波风洞试验参数
Table 1. Flow conditions of shock tunnel tests
流场参数 流场1 流场2 流场3 Ma 10.1 10.0 10.2 Re/m−1 3.4 × 106 3.3 × 107 1.6 × 107 总温/K 1500 909 928 总压/MPa 11.12 3.85 21.15 
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表 2 激波风洞试验中薄膜热流计和ALTP热流传感器的测热结果
Table 2. the measured heat flux with TFRGs and ALTP heat-flux sensors in shock tunnel tests
流场1（攻角0°） 流场2（攻角0°） 流场1（攻角10°） 流场1（攻角10°） 流场3（攻角10°） 修正系数 热流
（W/cm2）差异
（%）热流
（W/cm2）差异
（%）热流
（W/cm2）差异
（%）热流
（W/cm2）差异
（%）热流
（W/cm2）差异
（%）ALTP_1 1.47 −24.5 0.40 −25 7.98 4.01 8.40 4.64 7.78 −7.58 0.958 TFRG_1 1.11 0.30 8.30 8.79 7.19 ALTP_2 0.63 12.6 0.20 3.9 4.11 −9.34 4.34 −4.30 3.85 −41.1 1.07 TFRG_2 0.71 0.21 3.73 4.15 2.27 ALTP_3 1.08 −7.92 0.33 −25.1 8.18 −0.83 8.39 6.26 7.23 −4.81 0.971 TFRG_3 1.0 0.25 8.11 8.92 6.89 ALTP_4 1.07 −18.4 0.29 −23.9 7.40 −0.66 7.53 7.05 6.35 −5.59 0.967 TFRG_4 0.87 0.22 7.35 8.06 6.00 ALTP_5 1.19 −20.1 0.30 −8.92 9.02 3.25 9.88 −3.05 7.04 7.75 1.00 TFRG_5 0.95 0.28 9.32 9.58 7.59
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