基于物理模型的汽车空气动力学研究综述

刘锦生; 徐胜金; 王庆洋; 鲍欢欢; 王勇

doi:10.11729/syltlx20190081

基于物理模型的汽车空气动力学研究综述

doi: 10.11729/syltlx20190081

1.
清华大学航天航空学院, 北京 100084
2.
中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司, 重庆 401122

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金 11772173

中国汽研科研发展基金 MS-03-03

详细信息

作者简介:
刘锦生(1990-), 男, 福建龙岩人, 博士研究生。研究方向:汽车空气动力学、实验流体力学。通信地址:北京市海淀区清华大学航天航空学院(100084)。E-mail:ljs16@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn

通讯作者:
徐胜金, E-mail:xu_shengjin@tsinghua.edu.cn

中图分类号: U461.1
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- 文章访问数: 613
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-06-25
- 修回日期: 2019-08-04
- 刊出日期: 2020-02-25

Review of automotive aerodynamics research based on physical models

1.
School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2.
China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401122, China

摘要

摘要: 汽车空气动力学涉及到绕流湍流、流动稳定性、流动分离与控制、流固耦合及噪声等复杂且基础的流体力学问题。本文梳理了国内外学者基于汽车物理模型的空气动力学研究进展，介绍了前人在气动力、流场研究、流动控制、计算和实验的对标、多车空气动力学、污染、风噪等方面取得的研究成果，分析了研究存在的不足，并对未来汽车空气动力学研究方向进行了探讨和展望。
- 汽车空气动力学 /
- 汽车标准模型 /
- 实验流体力学 /
- 计算流体力学
Abstract: Automotive aerodynamics involves fundamental fluid dynamics problems such as turbulence flow past bluff bodies, flow instability, flow separation and control, fluid-structure interactions and noise, and so on. In this paper, we review the research progress of aerodynamics based on physical models at home and abroad, introduce the achievements of previous studies on aerodynamics, flow field research, flow control, calculation and experiment, multi-vehicle aerodynamics, pollution, wind noise, etc., and investigate the shortcomings of the present studies. Finally, we discuss the research directions of vehicle aerodynamics in the future.
- automotive aerodynamics /
- reference models /
- experimental fluid dynamics /
- computational fluid dynamics

HTML全文

图 1 车身周围的流动

Figure 1. Flow around a car

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图 2 Ahmed、MIRA和DrivAer模型的侧轮廓图

Figure 2. Ahmed, MIRA and DrivAer models

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图 3 Ahmed模型周围的流动结构^[18]，Re =(0.45~2.40)×10⁵

Figure 3. A conceptual model of the flow structure around the Ahmed model^[18], Re =(0.45~2.40)×10⁵

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图 4 Ahmed模型风阻系数随后背角度的变化关系^[1]

Figure 4. Drag coefficient of an Ahmed model with different base slant angles^[1]

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图 5 Ahmed模型不同后背角的尾部流动结构示意图^[1]

Figure 5. Flow structures behind an Ahmed model with different base slant angles^[1]

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图 6 MIRA模型不同后背的相干结构^[19]及风阻系数^[20]

Figure 6. Flow structures and the drag coefficients of a MIRA model with different backs^[19-20]

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图 7 MIRA快背式模型周围的涡结构^[21-22]

Figure 7. Schematic of flow structure of fastback model^[21-22]

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图 8 DrivAer模型Fastback尾部的相干结构^[23]及不同后背的风阻系数^[24]

Figure 8. Flow structures of the DrivAer fastback model and the drag coefficient of a DrivAer model with different backs^[23-24]

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图 9 Ahmed模型尾部不同位置处速度信号的功率谱特征^[18]

Figure 9. The power spectral density function E_u of the hot-wire signal measured at center line in the wake^[18]

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图 10 DrivAer模型仿真流场的POD分析^[27]

Figure 10. POD analysis of flow around a DrivAer model ^[27]

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图 11 扰流板对Ahmed模型两侧流向涡的控制^[28]

Figure 11. The flap controls the flow separation over the rear slant ^[28]

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图 12 阻力系数随绕流板倾斜角度的变化^[28]

Figure 12. Evolution of the drag of the bluff body as a function of the angle of the flap relative to the slant surface^[28]

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图 13 Ahmed模型尾部进行主动射流控制^[34]

Figure 13. Conceptual model of the flow structure under the combined actuation^[34]

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图 14 采用不同湍流模型计算Ahmed模型的绕流流场^[37]

Figure 14. Simulation of flow around the Ahmed model using different turbulence models^[37]

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图 15 采用LES方法仿真分析Ahmed模型气动特征^[38]

Figure 15. Simulation and analysis of aerodynamic characteristics of Ahmed model by LES method and the plane used to visualize the flow^[38]

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图 16 后视镜对车窗表面压力系数分布的影响^[23]

Figure 16. Effect of rearview mirror on distribution of the pressure coefficient at the side window^[23]

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图 17 车轮转动状态对轮仓内表面压力的影响^[24]

Figure 17. Pressure distribution inside the front wheel housing ^[24]

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图 18 阻塞比A_M/A_N对DrivAer模型气动力测试的影响^[43]

Figure 18. Effect of jet expansion on the drag coefficient ΔC_D for different blockage ratios A_M/A_N ^[43]

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图 19 基于DrivAer模型模拟轿车超越卡车过程中两车周围流场的变化^[51]

Figure 19. Instantaneous velocity field when a car overtaking truck based on DrivAer model^[51]

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图 20 不同车轮构型和转动状态下的70 dB等噪声面分布^[52]

Figure 20. Acoustic power sound sources at 70 dB with wheel configurations and rotation states^[52]

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图 21 冷却器泄漏对冷却器周围流场和底盘高压力系数分布的影响^[25]：A.进气格栅封闭, B.进气格栅开启(冷却器无泄漏), C.进气格栅开启(冷却器泄漏)

Figure 21. Velocity magnitude in the center plane and pressure coefficient distribution of the three simulated setups^[25]

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表 1 汽车空气动力学物理模型列表

Table 1. List of automotive aerodynamic physical models

模型名称	设计机构	设计时间
Ahmed^[1]	德国宇航中心	1984
SAE^[2]	意大利Pininfarina风洞	1999
NRSCC/SAE^[3]	加拿大国家研究委员会	1996
Rover^[4]	英国路虎汽车公司	1997
Davis^[5]	英国帝国理工学院	1984
DOCTON^[6]	英国杜伦大学	1998
Ford Block^[7]	美国福特汽车公司	1999
GM^[8]	美国通用汽车公司	2001
ASMO^[9]	德国Daimler汽车公司	2000
RMIIT^[10]	澳大利亚RMIT大学	2001
Chrysler^[11]	美国Chrysler风洞	1994
MIRA^[12]	英国MIRA风洞	1986
FORD^[13]	美国福特汽车公司	1994
MIRA / ROVER^[14]	英国MIRA & 路虎汽车	1994
CNR^[15]	意大利Pininfarina风洞	1982
SAE/ PININFARINA^[16]	意大利Pininfarina风洞	1998
DrivAer^[17]	慕尼黑工业大学	2011

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