空化区多相混合流体介质特性实验研究进展

王本龙; 张浩; 刘筠乔

doi:10.11729/syltlx20220138

空化区多相混合流体介质特性实验研究进展

doi: 10.11729/syltlx20220138

上海交通大学工程力学系，上海　200240

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（92252205）

详细信息

作者简介:
王本龙：（1977—），男，黑龙江鸡西人，博士，教授。研究方向：水动力学，空化流测试技术。通信地址：上海市闵行区东川路800号上海交通大学船舶海洋与建筑工程学院（200240）。E-mail：benlongwang@sjtu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
E-mail：benlongwang@sjtu.edu.cn

中图分类号: O352；O359
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- 文章访问数: 93
- HTML全文浏览量: 30
- PDF下载量: 53
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-11-30
- 修回日期: 2023-05-20
- 录用日期: 2023-06-03
- 刊出日期: 2023-10-30

Experimental research on the mixture properties inside cloud cavitation region

Engineering Mechanics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai　200240, China

摘要

摘要: 空化流动是水动力学领域一种特有的流动现象，空化区内部水汽掺混情况复杂，需要借助特殊实验测量手段来获取其中混合介质特性。本文回顾了用于空化区多相混合介质测量的非接触式和接触式实验方法，包括电离辐射、内窥技术、电阻探针和光纤探针等。相比于对实验条件要求较高的非接触式测量技术，接触式探针测量技术更加简便和稳定，可以得到单个测点位置的含汽率、汽泡速度和汽泡尺度等信息。此外，本文还介绍了近年来多相流探针技术在空化流测量中的应用。研究者们分别采用电阻探针和光纤探针，研究了空泡水筒中楔形平板空化和水翼空化内部的介质特性，得到的结果主要包括平均含汽率和汽泡尺度统计分布两方面，发现了云空化区内含汽率高低与空化数密切相关，且楔形平板空化流动和水翼空化流动中存在非常相似的汽泡尺度分布特征。
- 空化 /
- 两相流 /
- 含汽率 /
- 汽泡尺度分布
Abstract: Cavitating flows are unique phenomena in the research field of hydrodynamics. Within the cavitation region, vapor and water are mixed in a complex state. Special experimental techniques are required to obtain the mixture properties. Both non-intrusive and intrusive techniques for cavitating mixture measurement are reviewed, including ionizing radiation, endoscopy, electrical impedance probes and optical fiber probes. In comparison with the experimentally demanding non-intrusive methods, intrusive probe techniques provide simple and stable single-point measurements for the void fraction, bubble velocity and bubble size. Recent applications of phase-resolved probe techniques are then introduced. The electrical impedance probe and optical fiber probe were used in the mixture property measurements in wedge-plate and hydrofoil cavitation, respectively. The time-averaged void fraction and statistical distribution of the bubble size were obtained. The results indicate that the void fraction within cloud cavitation is closely related to the cavitation number, and the characteristics of the bubble size distribution are quite similar between the two kinds of cloud-cavitating flows (wedge-plate and hydrofoil cavitation).
- cavitation /
- two-phase flows /
- void fraction /
- bubble size distribution

HTML全文

图 1 X射线发生与接收装置示意图^[2]

Figure 1. Schematic of the X–ray generator and detectors^[2]

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图 2 蒸汽体积分数$\scriptsize{\overline \beta} $的时间平均分布^[2]

Figure 2. Time-averaged distribution of the vapor volume fraction $\scriptsize{\overline \beta} $^[2]

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图 3 内窥镜与视域示意图^[9]

Figure 3. Schematic of the endoscope and sight cone^[9]

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图 4 空化区内部汽泡形态^[9]

Figure 4. Vapor bubble morphology in cavitation region^[9]

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图 5 楔形平板实验模型与探针位置示意图^[5]

Figure 5. Schematic of the wedge plate model and the positions of the electrical impedance probe^[5]

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图 6 楔形平板空化中不同空化数下平均含汽率分布^[5]

Figure 6. Distributions of time-averaged void fraction at different cavitation numbers in the wedge plate experiment^[5]

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图 7 水翼空化中平均含汽率测量结果^[51]

Figure 7. Distributions of time-averaged void fraction in the hydrofoil experiment^[51]

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图 8 空化区汽泡尺度分布测量结果

Figure 8. Bubble size distribution within the cavitation region

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图 9 不同空化数、不同形式空化流动中μ和σ平均值的变化^[53]

Figure 9. Variations of the mean values of μ and σ in different cloud cavitating flows with variable cavitation numbers^[53]

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表 1 空化内部介质测量技术的主要特性

Table 1. Main characteristics of different techniques for cavitation mixture measurement

技术名称	基本原理	可测量物理量	主要优点	主要缺点
X射线	由于波长远小于可见光，因此可以穿透遮蔽光路的介质，通过显示不同相之间的边界，实现多相流的阴影成像	空泡内部的平均含汽率分布和速度场	可观测空泡内部相界面的运动，时间分辨率较高；对流场无扰动	测量结果为沿展向的投影，无法辨识沿展向不规则的空泡结构；实验装置复杂，辐射防护要求较高
内窥镜	采用局部光源照明，将流场内部图像转化为数字化光纤信号，通过光纤传送到信号接收装置，实现图像存储、显示	局部视域内的汽泡图像（可通过附加PIV测速系统得到微汽泡尾迹流场）	可近距离、直观地获得空泡内部微汽泡的形态；通常安装在壁面边界上，不会影响流场	仅可实现两相流空间拓扑结构的定性观测，无法定量估算含汽率、汽泡尺度等信息
电容层析成像（ECT）	根据不同相的介电常数差异，记录多对测量电极间的电场变化，通过层析重构算法计算出流场中的介电常数分布，进而还原各相组分分布	气液两相组分的空间分布和两相宏观运动规律	测量响应快速，实验装置安全，测试系统廉价易得	空间分辨率较低；因测量电极布置的限制，目前仅适用于圆管中的内流测量
磁共振成像/测速（MRI/MRV）	物质原子核内质子在外加磁场作用下发生进动，发射射频脉冲使质子发生核磁共振；当射频脉冲移除后，被激发的共振质子经弛豫过程，以发射电磁波的形式释放能量，根据弛豫时间和质子密度的差异，实现不同相的磁共振成像	空泡内部的含汽率和速度分布	对流场干扰小，安全无辐射，时间和空间分辨率较高	磁共振信号对温度敏感；需将流场布置在磁共振仪内部，实验条件要求较高
电阻多相流探针	根据探针尖端铂丝在水和汽泡中阻抗的明显差异，在测量回路中获得区分水/汽的电压信号；由邻近2根铂丝的信号延迟得到汽泡速度和泡径等信息	单点的含汽率、汽泡速度和汽泡尺度	汽泡测量的时间分辨率高；可分别获得单泡信息和群泡的统计分布规律	探针尖端对局部流场有轻微扰动；尖端处需要2根铂丝彼此绝缘，对加工精度要求较高
光纤多相流探针	根据探针尖端二氧化硅材料在水和汽泡中折射率的差异，通过激光折射/反射不同光强的光信号获得区分水/汽的电压信号；由信号抬升时间和停留时间计算汽泡速度和泡径等信息	单点的含汽率、汽泡速度和汽泡尺度	输出信号稳定，受电学干扰较小；汽泡测量的时间分辨率高；可分别获得单泡信息和群泡的统计分布规律	探针尖端对局部流场有轻微扰动；对探针加工技术要求高，尖端处易受损

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